Biology Grade 12 

16.1 Support in Plants 16.1.1 Parenchyma Cells 16.1.2 Significance of Secondary Growth

16.2 Movements in Plants 16.2.1 Types of Movements 16.2.2 Role of Plant Growth Substances in Plant Movement

16.3 Support and Movements in Animals 16.3.1 Hydrostatic Skeleton 16.3.2 Exoskeleton 16.3.3 Endoskeleton

16.4 Human Skeleton 16.4.1 Axial Skeleton 16.4.2 Appendicular Skeleton 16.4.3 Joints

16.5 Deformities of Skeleton 16.5.1 Repair of Broken Bones

16.6 Muscles 16.6.1 Controlling the Actin - Myosin Interaction By Calcium ions 16.6.2 Energy for Muscle Contraction 16.6.3 Arrangement of Skeletal Muscles for Movement of Skeleton 16.6.4 Movement of Bones

16.7 Locomotion in Proctoctists and Invertebrates 16.7.1 Locomotion in Paramecium 16.7.2 Locomotion in Amoeba 16.7.3 Locomotion in Jelly Fish 16.7.4 Locomotion in Earthworm 16.7.5 Locomotion in Cockroach 16.7.6 Locomotion in Snail 16.7.7 Locomotion in Star Fish

16.8 Locomotion and Skeleton in Vertebrates 16.8.1 Swimming in Fishes 16.8.2 Locomotion in Amphibian 16.8.3 Locomotion in Reptiles 16.8.4 Locomotion in Air 16.8.5 Locomotion in Mammals 16.8.6 Evloutionary changes in the arrangement of bones and related mode of locomotion in major groups of vertebrates